GASEOUS EXCHANGE
All living organisms require energy to perform various activities. They obtain energy by ATP. The continuous supply of ATP is made possible through respiration. Thus living organisms are always in need of gaseous exchange.
GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN PLANT:
Plants perform gaseous exchange during two processes.
BIOLOGY XI NOTES
TRANSPORT - THEORY & QUESTION ANSWERS
Chapter # 14
Theory & Question Answers
Section IV - Functional Biology
➔ TRANSPORT
INTRODUCTION: (NEED FOR TRANSPORTATION OF MATERIALS) Every cell must obtain the necessary raw materials to support its metabolism. It must obtain nutrients and if it uses aerobic respiration, it must obtain oxygen. At the same time, it must get rid of metabolic wastes such as carbon dioxide and in animals nitrogenous compounds. In short, every cell must be exposed to a medium from which it can extract raw materials and into which it can dump wastes.
Chapter # 12
Theory & Question AnswersNUTRITION
NUTRITION
NUTRITION:
Nutrition is the process by which the organisms obtain energy to maintain the function of life to build the matter and maintain their structure.
NUTRIENTS:
Nutrients are food or any substance which supplies elements and energy to the living body for its metabolic activity.
Biology XI Notes - Bioenergetics - Theory & Question Answers
Chapter # 11
Theory & Question Answers
Section IV - Functional Biology
The energy is used as fuel for life which is derived from light energy trapped by plant cells and converted into energy-rich compounds. Animals obtain their energy by eating plants or by eating the organisms that eat plants.
“Capturing and conversions of light energy from one form to another in living system and its utilization in metabolic activities is called bioenergetics”.
Organic molecules especially carbohydrates are degraded to release energy, CO₂ and H₂O. Some of this energy is used to produce ATP. It shows that ATP is the common energy currency of cells, when cell require energy, they spent ATP for that under cellular condition is produce 7.3 K.Cal/mol on conversion into ADP.
ATP acts as a mediator, capable of receiving energy from one reaction and transfers this energy to derive another reaction.
Chapter #10: The Kingdom Animalia
Theory & Question Answers
Section III – Biodiversity
THE KINGDOM ANIMALIA
It includes all eukaryotic, non-chlorophyllous multicellular, ingestive heterotrophs with no cell wall.
A true animal now defined as “a eukaryotic, multicellular, ingestive heterotrophic organism which are diploid and developed from an embryo formed by the fusion of two different haploid gametes, a large egg, and a smaller sperm”. Animals range in size and complexity from a merely microscopic parazoan Trichoplax to the giant blue whale Balaenopters that reaches a length of nearly 40 meters and weight more than 160,000 kilograms.
The kingdom Animalia is divided into 33 groups called phyla. The major phyla are Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nemathelminthes, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata.
The Kingdom Plantae
It includes all the eukaryotic multicellular chlorophyllous photosynthetic autotrophs having cell wall made up of primarily of cellulose; zygote retained to become embryo and exhibiting heteromorphic alternation of generation e.g. moss, fern, pine, apple. Plants are adapted to living on land.
Terrestrial Adaptations in Plants: Living on land poses very different problems from living in water and it is a set of structural, chemical and reproductive adaptations for terrestrial living that distinguishes plants from algae.
THE KINGDOM FUNGI
“Fungi are non-chlorophyllous, multicellular (except yeast) eukaryotes having fungus cellulose or chitinous cell wall, body mycelium consists of hyphae, absorptive heterotrophs.”
TAXONOMIC STATUS: (PLANT LIKE CHARACTERS) Previously fungi were regarded as plants because of the following characters:
