GASEOUS EXCHANGE
All living organisms require energy to perform various activities. They obtain energy by ATP. The continuous supply of ATP is made possible through respiration. Thus living organisms are always in need of gaseous exchange.
GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN PLANT:
Plants perform gaseous exchange during two processes.
BIOLOGY XI NOTES
TRANSPORT - THEORY & QUESTION ANSWERS
Chapter # 14
Theory & Question Answers
Section IV - Functional Biology
➔ TRANSPORT
INTRODUCTION: (NEED FOR TRANSPORTATION OF MATERIALS) Every cell must obtain the necessary raw materials to support its metabolism. It must obtain nutrients and if it uses aerobic respiration, it must obtain oxygen. At the same time, it must get rid of metabolic wastes such as carbon dioxide and in animals nitrogenous compounds. In short, every cell must be exposed to a medium from which it can extract raw materials and into which it can dump wastes.
Chapter # 12
Theory & Question AnswersNUTRITION
NUTRITION
NUTRITION:
Nutrition is the process by which the organisms obtain energy to maintain the function of life to build the matter and maintain their structure.
NUTRIENTS:
Nutrients are food or any substance which supplies elements and energy to the living body for its metabolic activity.
Biology XI Notes - Bioenergetics - Theory & Question Answers
Chapter # 11
Theory & Question Answers
Section IV - Functional Biology
The energy is used as fuel for life which is derived from light energy trapped by plant cells and converted into energy-rich compounds. Animals obtain their energy by eating plants or by eating the organisms that eat plants.
“Capturing and conversions of light energy from one form to another in living system and its utilization in metabolic activities is called bioenergetics”.
Organic molecules especially carbohydrates are degraded to release energy, CO₂ and H₂O. Some of this energy is used to produce ATP. It shows that ATP is the common energy currency of cells, when cell require energy, they spent ATP for that under cellular condition is produce 7.3 K.Cal/mol on conversion into ADP.
ATP acts as a mediator, capable of receiving energy from one reaction and transfers this energy to derive another reaction.
Chapter #10: The Kingdom Animalia
Theory & Question Answers
Section III – Biodiversity
THE KINGDOM ANIMALIA
It includes all eukaryotic, non-chlorophyllous multicellular, ingestive heterotrophs with no cell wall.
A true animal now defined as “a eukaryotic, multicellular, ingestive heterotrophic organism which are diploid and developed from an embryo formed by the fusion of two different haploid gametes, a large egg, and a smaller sperm”. Animals range in size and complexity from a merely microscopic parazoan Trichoplax to the giant blue whale Balaenopters that reaches a length of nearly 40 meters and weight more than 160,000 kilograms.
The kingdom Animalia is divided into 33 groups called phyla. The major phyla are Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nemathelminthes, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata.
The Kingdom Plantae
It includes all the eukaryotic multicellular chlorophyllous photosynthetic autotrophs having cell wall made up of primarily of cellulose; zygote retained to become embryo and exhibiting heteromorphic alternation of generation e.g. moss, fern, pine, apple. Plants are adapted to living on land.
Terrestrial Adaptations in Plants: Living on land poses very different problems from living in water and it is a set of structural, chemical and reproductive adaptations for terrestrial living that distinguishes plants from algae.
THE KINGDOM FUNGI
“Fungi are non-chlorophyllous, multicellular (except yeast) eukaryotes having fungus cellulose or chitinous cell wall, body mycelium consists of hyphae, absorptive heterotrophs.”
TAXONOMIC STATUS: (PLANT LIKE CHARACTERS) Previously fungi were regarded as plants because of the following characters:
Biology XI Notes - Kingdom Protoctista (Protista) - Theory & Question Answers
KINGDOM PROTOCTISTA (PROTISTA)
This kingdom includes all the unicellular eukaryotic organisms, which are no longer classified as animals, plants, or fungi, e.g., Euglena, Paramecium, etc. Multi-cellular algae and primitive fungi have also been included.
DIVERSITY AMONG PROTISTA (PROTOCTISTA): Due to diversification, this kingdom is regarded as a polyphyletic group of organisms. The kingdom is divided into three groups:
Biology XI Notes - Kingdom Prokaryota (Monera) - Theory & Question Answers
Chapter # 06
Theory & Question Answers
Section III - Biodiversity
KINGDOM PROKARYOTA (MONERA)
Prokaryotae is a group of living organisms which are unicellular, having prokaryotic or a primitive nucleus, i.e., lack nuclear membrane, nucleolus, and nucleoplasm. Prokaryotic cells lack all membrane-bound organelles, e.g., mitochondria, plastids, endoplasmic reticulum, etc. Bacteria and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are included in this group.
Biology XI Notes - Variety of Life - Theory & Question Answers
Chapter # 05
Theory & Question Answers
Section III - Biodiversity
VARIETY OF LIFE
Classification / Taxonomy: Classification or Taxonomy is defined as techniques of describing, naming, and classifying living organisms on the basis of the similarities and dissimilarities of characters.
Character: A character can be defined as any attribute as a descriptive phrase, referring to form, structure, or behavior of a specific organism for a particular purpose; thus, a character is anything or any feature whose expression can be measured or assessed.
BIOLOGY XI NOTES
THE CELL - THEORY & QUESTION ANSWERS
Chapter # 04
Theory & Question Answers
Section II - Unity of Life
THE CELL
DISCOVERY OF CELL:
The discovery of cells and their structure became possible with the development of optical lenses and with the construction of compound microscope, which was invented by David Jansen in 1590 and in 1610 Galileo designed it properly. Cells were first described in 1665 by Robert Hooke. Later, Robert Brown in 1831 discovered a spherical body, the nucleus, in the cells of orchids. In 1839 Theodore Schwann, observed that the nucleus was surrounded by a fluid in the cell.
iology XI Notes
Enzymes – Theory & Question Answers
Chapter # 03
Theory & Question Answers
ENZYMES
Introduction:
The term “enzyme” was coined by Friedrich Wilhelm Kuhne (1878). It was coined for the active ingredient in the yeast extract that promotes fermentation. Enzyme literally means in yeast, but it is now used as the collective name for the many hundreds of compounds that have since been extracted from cells and shown to have a catalytic action on specific chemical reactions.
BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
BIOCHEMISTRY:
The branch of biology which explains the biochemical basis of life is called biochemistry.
Importance Of Biochemistry:
Biology XI Notes - Transportation - Short Questions Answers
Q.1: Write a note on Diffusion?
Ans: Diffusion:
Example:
Chapter # 12
NUTRITION
BOTANY PART
Q.1: What is nutrition and what are different types of nutrition?
Ans:
The process by which living organisms obtain energy to perform all their functions of life to make important materials and to maintain their structure is called nutrition.
Types Of Nutrition:
There are two types of nutrition:
BIOENERGETICS
Q.1: What is Photosynthesis?
Ans: Photosynthesis is a process in which plants manufacture their food in the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight by the combination of carbon dioxide and water to form simple carbohydrates. In this process, oxygen is liberated. It is important to note that the amount of carbon dioxide consumed in this process is equal to the amount of oxygen liberated.
In photosynthesis, not only simple carbohydrates are formed but also a considerable amount of energy, which is initially obtained from sunlight as radiant energy, is transferred by green cells into chemical energy.
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Q.1: What are the diploblastic and triploblastic?
Ans: DIPLOBLASTIC AND TRIPLOBLASTIC ORGANIZATION:
Diploblastic are the animals whose body wall is composed of two layers: outer ectoderm and inner endoderm. Between these two layers, a non-cellular gelatinous layer called mesogloea is present.
Fig. 10-1(A): Diploblastic Organization (Hydra - T.S.)
Triploblastic are the animals whose body wall consists of three layers: outer ectoderm, middle mesoderm, and inner endoderm.
Fig. 10-1(B): Triploblastic Organization
Q.2: Write a note on Symmetry?
Ans: Symmetry:
A balanced structure and composition of the body according to the size and shape is called symmetry. It provides the least possible resistance in the movement of the body. There are two types of symmetry:
Biology XI Notes
The Kingdom Plantae - Short Questions Answers
Chapter # 09
Short Questions Answers
Section III - Biodiversity
THE KINGDOM PLANTAE
Q.1: Write a note on classification of Plants?
Ans: Classification of Plants:
Kingdom plantae is classified into two divisions:
Division Bryophyta: (Non-Vascular Plants)
This division is divided into three classes:
