Kingdom Protoctista (Protista) - Theory & Question Answers

 Biology XI Notes - Kingdom Protoctista (Protista) - Theory & Question Answers

KINGDOM PROTOCTISTA (PROTISTA)

This kingdom includes all the unicellular eukaryotic organisms, which are no longer classified as animals, plants, or fungi, e.g., Euglena, Paramecium, etc. Multi-cellular algae and primitive fungi have also been included.

DIVERSITY AMONG PROTISTA (PROTOCTISTA): Due to diversification, this kingdom is regarded as a polyphyletic group of organisms. The kingdom is divided into three groups:

• Plant-like prototists: Algae
• Fungi-like prototists: Primitive fungi
• Animal-like prototists: Protozoa

Kingdom Prokaryota (Monera) - Theory & Question Answers Chapter # 06

 Biology XI Notes - Kingdom Prokaryota (Monera) - Theory & Question Answers

Chapter # 06
Theory & Question Answers
Section III - Biodiversity

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KINGDOM PROKARYOTA (MONERA)

Prokaryotae is a group of living organisms which are unicellular, having prokaryotic or a primitive nucleus, i.e., lack nuclear membrane, nucleolus, and nucleoplasm. Prokaryotic cells lack all membrane-bound organelles, e.g., mitochondria, plastids, endoplasmic reticulum, etc. Bacteria and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are included in this group.

Variety of Life - Theory & Question Answers Chapter # 05

 Biology XI Notes - Variety of Life - Theory & Question Answers

Chapter # 05
Theory & Question Answers
Section III - Biodiversity

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VARIETY OF LIFE

Classification / Taxonomy: Classification or Taxonomy is defined as techniques of describing, naming, and classifying living organisms on the basis of the similarities and dissimilarities of characters.

Character: A character can be defined as any attribute as a descriptive phrase, referring to form, structure, or behavior of a specific organism for a particular purpose; thus, a character is anything or any feature whose expression can be measured or assessed.

THE CELL - THEORY & QUESTION ANSWERS Chapter # 04 Theory & Question Answers

 BIOLOGY XI NOTES

THE CELL - THEORY & QUESTION ANSWERS
Chapter # 04
Theory & Question Answers
Section II - Unity of Life
THE CELL

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DISCOVERY OF CELL:
The discovery of cells and their structure became possible with the development of optical lenses and with the construction of compound microscope, which was invented by David Jansen in 1590 and in 1610 Galileo designed it properly. Cells were first described in 1665 by Robert Hooke. Later, Robert Brown in 1831 discovered a spherical body, the nucleus, in the cells of orchids. In 1839 Theodore Schwann, observed that the nucleus was surrounded by a fluid in the cell.

The ENZYMES

 iology XI Notes

Enzymes – Theory & Question Answers
Chapter # 03
Theory & Question Answers
ENZYMES

Introduction:
The term “enzyme” was coined by Friedrich Wilhelm Kuhne (1878). It was coined for the active ingredient in the yeast extract that promotes fermentation. Enzyme literally means in yeast, but it is now used as the collective name for the many hundreds of compounds that have since been extracted from cells and shown to have a catalytic action on specific chemical reactions.

BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES

 BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES

BIOCHEMISTRY:
The branch of biology which explains the biochemical basis of life is called biochemistry.

Importance Of Biochemistry:

• It provides information about all the processes carried out in the living organism.
• It helps us to understand abnormal mechanisms which lead to disease and development of medicines and equipment for the treatment of diseases.
• It also provides information on cell differentiation.
• It also explains about growth of cells.
• It has enabled us to understand the mechanism of memory.

THE BIOLOGY

Chapter # 01

Theory & Question Answers
Section I - Introduction

THE BIOLOGY

BIOLOGY:
Biology is the study of life and living organisms, defined as "the branch of natural science that deals with organisms and different phenomenon of life." Formerly, living organisms were classified into two kingdoms, i.e., plant kingdom and animal kingdom.

SUBDIVISION OF BIOLOGY:

• Botany:
  Botany is the subdivision of biology that deals with the scientific study of plants.

• Zoology:
  Zoology is the subdivision of biology that deals with the scientific study of animals.