FUNDAMENTALS OF OPERATING SYSTEM CHAPTER# 02- Short / Detailed Question Answers

 COMPUTER SCIENCE 9TH - Short / Detailed Question Answers

FUNDAMENTALS OF OPERATING SYSTEM
CHAPTER# 02

Q.1: Define Operating System. Give three examples of operating systems.
Ans:
Operating System (OS):
An Operating System is a software which performs all the basic tasks like booting the computer, file management, memory management, process management, and controlling peripheral devices such as hard disk, printer, etc. It manages computer resources efficiently.

Examples: Most common operating systems are: DOS, Windows, Linux, Android, Mac OS, and IOS.

Q.2: List the functions of an OS. Describe them briefly.
Ans:
Functions of Operating System:
Operating system manages every activity of a computer. It is the master control program that provides an interface for a user to communicate with the computer.

System software and application software run on the operating system as shown in the given figure. Operating System performs the following functions.

(i) Booting
(ii) Resource Management
(iii) User Interface
(iv) Memory Management
(v) I/O Management
(vi) File Management
(vii) Process Management
(viii) User Management

(i) Booting:
Booting is a process of starting the computer operating system. It checks the computer resources and makes it ready to perform different tasks.

(ii) Resource Management:
Operating system manages all the hardware and software resources. This includes allocation and de-allocation of processor, memory access to shared cache memory and access to network resources.

(iii) User Interface or Command Interpreter:
We interact with the operating system through the user interface. The command interpreter is one of the parts of the operating system which reads the commands from the user, interprets them, and translates them into machine language instructions that the computer hardware can understand.

(iv) Memory Management:
Memory management module performs the task of allocation and de-allocation of memory space to programs and data in need of these resources.

(v) Input / Output (I/O) Management:
An Operating System provides the device driver to facilitate I/O functions involving I/O devices. These device drivers are software that control I/O devices through their controllers.

(vi) File Management:
It manages all the file-related activities such as organization storage, retrieval, naming, sharing, and protection of files.

(vii) Process Management:
A process is a job or activity to be performed by the system. Process management manages the creation, deletion, suspension, and resumption of processes. The term process refers here to program code that has been loaded into a computer's memory for execution by the central processing unit (CPU). In a multiprogramming system, there will be a number of computing processes. The operating system must ensure that each process gets a fair share of the CPU's time. The OS decides the order in which processes have access to the processor, and how much processing time each process should get. This function of OS is called process scheduling.

(viii) User Management:
In modern operating systems, user management describes the ability of administrators to control user access to various computer resources like software, I/O devices, storage system, networks, etc.

Q.3: Define interface and user interface. Describe the types of user interface.

Ans:
Interface:
An interface is a program that allows a user to interact with the computer or another computer over a network.

User Interface:
A User Interface (UI) is the part of an operating system, program, or device that allows a user to enter and receive information.

There are many types of User Interfaces. Two most common user interfaces are discussed below:

(i) Command Line Interface (CLI):
A Command Line Interface (CLI) is a screen or text-based representation in which the user types the commands on a place called prompt to operate the computer. Command contains a string of characters. CLI is difficult to use because the user has to remember the commands and their syntaxes but it is fast in use because text mode takes less resources. It was primarily provided to users by computer terminals on UNIX and personal computers including MS-DOS and Apple DOS.

(ii) Graphical User Interface (GUI):
A GUI provides a user-friendly environment where the user can interact with computers through graphical objects such as menus, icons, buttons, and other graphical objects. It is easy to use as users are supposed to just click on a picture to run commands without memorizing them. GUI is slower than CLI as graphical mode takes more memory and resources. Windows and iOS are examples of GUI.

Q.4: Differentiate between CLI and GUI. Write any two benefits of each.

Ans:
Difference between GUI and CLI:

S No	CLI	GUI
1.	CLI is difficult to use.	Whereas it is easy to use.
2.	It consumes low memory.	While it consumes more memory.
3.	In CLI we can obtain high precision.	While in it, low precision is obtained.
4.	CLI is faster than GUI.	The speed of GUI is slower than CLI.

5. CLI operating system needs only keyboard. While GUI operating system needs both mouse and keyboard. 6. CLI's appearance cannot be modified or changed. While its appearance can be modified or changed. 7. In CLI, input is entered only at command prompt. While in GUI, input can be entered anywhere on the screen. 8. In CLI, the information is shown or presented to the user in plain text and files. While in GUI, the information is shown or presented to the user in any form such as: plain text, videos, images, etc. 9. In CLI, there are no menus provided. While in GUI, menus are provided. 10. There are no graphics in CLI. While in GUI, graphics are used. 11. CLI does not use any pointing devices. While it uses pointing devices for selecting and choosing items. 12. In CLI, spelling mistakes and typing errors are not avoided. Whereas in GUI, spelling mistakes and typing errors are avoided. Q.5: Describe the types of operating system (OS). Ans: Types of Operating System: The Operating System can be categorized as under: Single User and Multi-user OS Batch Processing OS Time Sharing OS Real Time Processing OS (i) Single User And Multi-user Operating Systems: In a Single User Operating System, a single user can access the computer system at a time. These types of operating systems are commonly used. DOS for PCs and Windows 98 for PCs are examples of single-user operating systems. A Multi-user Operating System allows multiple users to access the computer at the same time. The operating system manages the memory and resources among the various users according to the requirement. Linux and UNIX are the most common examples of the multi-user operating system. (ii) Batch Processing Operating System: General term of Batch Processing is used for programs that are executed with minimum human interaction. This type of operating system does not interact with the computer directly (see the figure). Each user prepares his job and submits it to the computer operator. To speed up processing, jobs with similar needs are batched together and run as a group by an operator. The main function of a batch processing system is to automatically keep executing the jobs in a batch. The benefits of batch processing are: Batch systems can be shared by multiple users. The idle time for batch system is very less. Next job starts just after the current one. (iii) Time Sharing Operating System: Time sharing is a method that allows multiple users to share resources simultaneously. Multiple users can use specific computer at the same time in different places. A time sharing operating system is that in which from many tasks each task is given some time to execute so that all processes run smoothly without any problem. Multiple jobs are executed by the CPU by switching between them. As the system switches rapidly from one task or user to the other, a short time slot is given to each task or user for their executions and all feel that system is not shared. Thus, the user can receive an immediate response. For example, in a transaction processing, the processor executes each user program in a short time. These systems are also known as Multitasking Systems. The task can be from single user or from different users also. The time that each task gets to execute is called quantum. After this time interval is over OS switches over to next task. (iv) Real Time Processing Operating System (RT OS): A Real Time Processing Operating System is a time-bound operating system which has a fixed time limit. Processing has to be done within the defined time limit; otherwise, the system will fail. Real Time Process System is classified into two parts: Hard Real Time System: A Hard Real Time System guarantees that critical tasks complete on time, even the shortest delay or urgency is not acceptable. Here, the system should meet the deadline. Missile systems and Air Traffic Control Systems are the best examples of Hard Real Time Systems. Soft Real Time System: In this, the time constraint is less strict. The meeting of the deadline is not compulsory for each task every time. A critical real-time task gets priority over other tasks until it completes. It does not guarantee that the task will be completed in the defined time but before a certain time and according to the priority. Online Transaction System, Airline Ticket Reservation (where reservation could be delayed but should be done after checking available seats and completed before the aeroplane flight), etc., are examples of Soft Real Time Systems. Q.6: What is the difference between single user and multi-user OS? Ans: Difference between Single User and Multi-user OS Characteristics Single User Operating System Multi-User Operating System Definition A Single-User Operating System is a system in which only one user can access the computer system at a time. A Multi-User Operating System is a system that allows more than one user to access the computer system at a time. Super User A super user gets all the powers of maintaining the system and making changes to ensure the system runs smoothly. Super user does not exist when it comes to a multi-user operating system as each entity has control over their working. Complexity Single-User Operating System is simple. Multi-User Operating System is complex. Performance Only one task at one time gets performed. Schedules different tasks for performance at any rate. Example Windows, Apple Mac OS UNIX, Linux and Mainframes Q.7: If you are a manager of a large organization which type of OS will you prefer? Justify your answer with any two reasons. Ans: If I am a manager of a large organization I will prefer Windows for the operating system (OS). Reason of Choosing Windows as OS: (i) Because Windows, in all its varieties, is so widely popular, we are less likely to have compatibility issues when sharing files with other organizations. (ii) The familiar interface means that there will be less time wasted on learning a new OS. (iii) Windows also offers the largest library of commercial software and gives us access to a large amount of freeware and shareware. (iv) We'll have more options for hardware with Windows than with any other operating system. Drivers are easily available, and we can pick and choose our various components for our PC itself. Q.8: What is the major difference between Soft Real Time and Hard Real Time systems? Ans: Difference between Hard Real Time and Soft Real Time System: HARD REAL TIME SYSTEM SOFT REAL TIME SYSTEM In hard real time system, the size of data file is small or medium. In soft real time system, the size of data file is large. In this system response time is in millisecond. In this system response time are higher. Peak load performance should be predictable. In soft real time system, peak load can be tolerated. In this system safety is critical. In this system safety is not critical. A hard real time system is very restrictive. A soft real time system is less restrictive. In case of an error in a hard real time system, In case of a soft real time system, computation is rolled back to previously established a checkpoint. Satellite launch, Railway signaling system etc. are some examples. DVD player, telephone switches, electronic games etc. are few examples. Q.9: What will be the minimum configuration for installing Windows 10 OS? Ans: Minimum Configuration for Installing Windows 10 Operating System: Operating system is the most essential software and there are many operating systems available. Windows is the most commonly used operating system which is developed by Microsoft. Choosing an operating system depends upon the hardware that we have. To maintain compatibility between hardware and software, the operating system vendor specifies the minimum hardware requirement. For installing Windows 10, we will need at least the following configuration. Component Minimum Requirement Processor 1GHz (speed of CPU should be at least 1 Gigahertz) Memory 1GB for 32-bit or 2GB for 64-bit (RAM - Random Access Memory - a type of computer memory, 32 bit and 64 bit are data units) Storage 32GB (hard disk space should be at least 32 Gigabytes) Graphic card Direct X9 or later with WDDM 1.0 driver (graphic card is computer hardware that produces image seen on monitor screen) Display 800 × 600 (computer monitor capability) Q.10: Write down the major steps for installing Windows OS. Ans. Major Steps for Installing Windows (i) Insert the Windows Installation DVD/Flash Drive (ii) Restart your Computer (iii) Wait for the first startup screen (iv) Press or hold Del or F2 to enter the BIOS screen (v) Locate the Boot order/ Boot sequence (vi) Select Boot order/ Boot sequence as per your installation source (a) USB Flash/USB Hard Disk (b) USB CD/DVD ROM (c) Internal CD/DVD ROM (vii) Select any option: (a) Upgrade (b) Customize Installation (Advance) (viii) Select any drive for installing your operating system (ix) Follow the on-screen instructions. Q.11: Define the process of software installation. Ans. Software Installation: Software installation is the process of making programs ready for execution. Software installation or installer is a computer program that installs files, such as applications, drivers, or other software, onto a computer. Software is installed on to computer by various means. They can be downloaded from the internet. They can also be installed from an installation CD or DVD or from a USB flash drive. Q.12: Why it is important to install an antivirus? Ans. Installing Antivirus: To keep our computer secure and free from viruses, we need to install an antivirus software. A number of free antivirus software are available online. AVG, Avast, Avira and Kasperaky are some of the free antivirus software. These days we need to download installation file from respective antivirus software and run it but make sure that computer has the access of internet. After running the installation file, antivirus software will be automatically installed on our computer. Most important component of an antivirus software is the virus database which antivirus software updates time to time. We must update our virus database for preventing virus threats. Q.13: What is the purpose of office automation software? With examples, explain how can office automation help employees to be productive and efficient? Ans: Office Automation Software: Windows is an Operating System which needs to install other software to make the best use of our computer. Office Automation software is the most common software package that we install on our computers. Office Automation software is a group of computer programs that help users in their daily work. Generally you will find MS Office in school lab offices and other places. Purpose of Office Automation: Office automation eases organizational workloads by simplifying and automating processes like accounting, data management, training, facility management, and various administrative tasks. Office Automation Helps Employees to be Productive and Efficient: An office automation system doesn't consist of just going paperless. For example, maintaining all work product and client correspondence in a document management system. Yet, an office automation system offers organizations much more than going green by cutting down on paper. It is a powerful tool that can be used to eliminate manual processes, identify inefficient work flows, and facilitate improved decision making by implementing an office automation system offers organizations a broad range of benefits. These benefits include: Improved accuracy Reduced costs Reduced time and resources Data storage and management Data insights and more informed decisions Business process improvement Improved Accuracy: Humans make errors, properly implemented automated systems do not. Human errors are not only inefficient in that they must be corrected and lead to productivity delays, but they can be costly. For instance, adding too many digits when paying an employee or vendor. Serious mistakes can lead to security and compliance issues, potentially fines and penalties. An office automation system limits human intervention in the transfer of data, which minimizes the occurrence of errors. Reduced Costs: By automating complex business processes, organizations don't need to invest as much into hiring for those tasks. As a result, operational costs are lower, while productivity and profit margins are significantly higher. Reduced Time and Resources: Through automation, organizations can accomplish more with less. By eliminating tedious and time-consuming processes, employees can spend their time on more high-value tasks. For example, returning to the popular paperless benefit, with office automation software employees do not need to spend as much time collecting important documentation, entering that information, or filing away voluminous paper copies. The system does it for them. Data Storage and Management: Office automation systems simplify data storage while giving organizations the ability to monitor and control data through an electronic document management system. Common features include things like task management and reminder systems, as well as easy access to information by key stakeholders. Data Insights and More Informed Decisions: Office automation systems give organizations access to large data sets, reports, and analytics. Access to data enables more informed decisions. Moreover, by analyzing data and key performance indicators, organizations can implement improvements to their processes to remove bottlenecks and other inefficiencies. Through business process improvements, organizations optimize performance, improve compliance and reduce costs and risk, and ensure a higher level of compliance. The ability to improve business processes is what separates office automation systems from piecemeal automation technology. Q.14: Write down the major steps for installing MS-Office. Ans: Major Steps for Installing MS-Office: To install MS-Office package we need to take the following steps. (i) Run the MS-Office setup from USB, DVD or Hard Disk backup. (ii) Check the box marked, accept the terms of this agreement and click on 'Continue'. (iii) Enter Product Key (iv) Click on Install Now or Customize procedure. (v) Select the package which you want to install. Click on 'Install Now'. (vi) Then installation begins. (vii) MS Office installer will notify automatically after finishing the installation. Before installing MS-Office we should make sure that hardware and software meet with the minimum requirements for the version of MS-Office that we want to install. The minimum requirements may differ from version to version. (For MS- Office 2013 the minimum requirements are: 1.6 GHz processor, 1 GB RAM, 3 GB hard disk free space, minimum windows 7 operating system and graphics driver). Q.15: List the programs available in MS Office and write why each program is used? Ans: MS Office contains: MS Office Program Uses (i) MS Access It is a database management system. (ii) MS Excel It is a spreadsheet. (iii) MS OneNote It gathers users' notes (handwritten or typed), drawings, screen clippings, and audio commentaries. (iv) MS Outlook It is often used mainly as an email application, but it also includes a calendar, task manager, contact manager, note taking, journal, and web browsing. (v) MS PowerPoint It is a slide show and multimedia presentation program. (vi) MS Project It is a project management software product. It is designed to assist a project manager in developing a plan, assigning resources to tasks, tracking progress, managing the budget, and analyzing workloads. (vii) MS Publisher It is an entry-level desktop publishing application. (viii) MS Visio It is a diagramming and vector graphics application. (ix) MS Word It is a word processor.	CLI is faster than GUI.	The speed of GUI is slower than CLI.